Permaculture: A Designers' Manual
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概要
パーマカルチャー（永続的農業）とは、自然の生態系の多様性、安定性、回復力を備えた農業的に生産性の高い生態系を意識的にデザインし、維持することである。それは、持続可能な方法で食料、エネルギー、住居、その他の物質的、非物質的な必要性を提供する景観と人々の調和のとれた統合である。永続的な農業がなければ、安定した社会秩序はあり得ません。パーマカルチャーのデザインは、概念的、物質的、戦略的な構成要素を、あらゆる形で生命に利益をもたらすように機能するパターンに組み立てるシステムです。パーマカルチャーの背後にある哲学は、自然に逆らうのではなく、自然と一緒に働くことであり、長期的で思慮のない行動ではなく、長期的で思慮深い観察をすることであり、システムに一つの収穫だけを求めるのではなく、システムのすべての機能を見ることであり、システムが自らの進化を示すことを可能にすることである。(DeepL訳、一部改変） 目次
Preface, ix
Author s note, ix
Permaculture defined and its use, ix
Conventions used, x
Access to information, x
Cover story, xi
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The philosophy behind permaculture, I
1.2 Ethics, 2 •
1.3 Permaculture in landscape and society, 6
1.4 References, 9.
CHAPTER2 CONCEPTS AND THEMES IN DESIGN
2.1 Introduction, 10
2.2 Science and the thousand names of God, 11
2.3 Applying laws and principles to design, 12
2.4 Resources, 16 •
2.5 Yields, 18
2.6 Cycles: a niche in time, 23
2.7 Pyramids, food webs, growth and vegetarianism, 28
2.8 Complexity and connections, 30
2.9 Order or chaos, 31
2.10 Permitted and forced functions, 31
2.11 Diversity, 32
2.12 Stability, 33
2.13 Time and yield, 33
2.14 Principle summary, 34
CHAPTER3 METHODS OF DESIGN
3.1 Introduction, 36
3.2 Analysis: Design by listing characteristics of components, 37
33 Observation: Design by expanding on direct observations of a site, 43
3.4 Deduction from nature: Design by adopting lessons learnt from nature, 44
3.5 Options and decisions: Design as a selection of options or pathways based on decisions, 47 •
3.6 Data overlay: Design by map overlays, 47
3.7 Random assembly: Design by assessing the results of random assemblies, 47 •
3.8 Flow diagrams: Design for work places, 48
3-9 Zone and sector analysis: Design by the application of a master pattern, 49 •
3.10 Zoning of information and ethics, 57
3.11 Incremental design, 58
3.12 Summary of design methods, 58
3.13 The concepts of guilds in nature, 59
3.14 Succession: evolution of a system, 64
3.15 The establishment and maintenance of systems, 65
3.16 General practical procedures in property design, 68
3.17 Principle summary, 69.
CHAPTER4 PATTERN UNDESTANDING
4.1 Introduction, 70
4.2 A general pattern model of events, 71 •
4.3 Matrices and the strategies of compacting and complexing components, 72
4.4 Properties of media, 75
4.5 Boundary conditions, 76
4.6 The harmonics and geometries of boundaries, 78 •
4.7 Compatible and incompatible borders and components, 79 •
4.8 The timing and shaping of events, 81
4.9 Spirals, 83
4.10 Flow over landscape and objects, 83
4.11 Open flow and and flow patterns, 87
4.12 Toroidal phenomena, 88
4.13 Dimensions and potentials, 88
4.14 Closed (sperical) models; accretion and expulsion, 88
4.15 Branching and its effects; conduits, 89 •
4.16 Orders of magnitude in branches, 91
4.17 Orders and dimensions, 92
4.18 Classification of events, 93
4.19 Time and relativity in the model, 93
4.20 The world we live in as a tessellation of events, 94
4.21 Introduction to pattern applications, 95
4.22 The tribal use of patterning, 96
4.23 The mnemonics of meaning, 99
4.24 Patterns of society, 100
4.25 The arts in the service of life, 100
4.26 Additional pattern applications, 101
4.27 References and further reading, 102 •
4.28 Designers' checklist, 105.
CHAPTER5 CLIMATIC FACTORS
5.1 Introduction, 106 '
5.2 The classification of broad climatic zones, 107
5.3 Patterning in global weather systems; the engines of the atmosphere, 107
5.4 Precipitation, 110
5.5 Radiation, 113 •
5.6 Wind, 121
5.7 Landscape effects, 132
5.8 Latitude effects, 134 «
5.9 References, 134
5.10 Designers' checklist, 135.
CHAPTER6 TREES AND THEIR ENERGY TRANSACTIONS
6.1 Introduction, 138
6.2 The biomass of the tree, 138
6.3 Wind effects, 139
6.4 Temperature effects, 142
6.5 Trees and precipitation. 142
6.6 How a tree interacts with rain, 147 •
6.7 Summary, 150
6.8 References, 15L
CHAPTER7 WATER
7.1 Introduction, 152
7.2 Regional intervention in the water cycle, 153
7.3 Earthworks for water conservation and storage, 155 •
7.4 Reduction of water used in sewage systems, 170
7.5 The purification of polluted waters, 172
7.6 Natural swimming pools, 180
7.7 Designers' Checklist, 181
7.8 References, 181.
CHAPTER8 SOILS
8.1 Introduction, 182
8.2 Soil and health, 184
8.3 Tribal and traditional soil classifications, 185
8.4 The structure of soils, 186 •
8.5 Soil and water elements, 187
8.6 Primary nutrients for plants, 187
8.7 The distribution of elements in the soil profile, 188
8.8 pH and soils, 195
8.9 Soil composition, 199
8.10 Soil pores and crumb structure, 201
8.11 Gaseous content and process in soil, 204
8.12 The soil biota, 205
8.13 Difficult soils, 208
8.14 Plant analysis for mineral deficiencies; some remedies, 209
8.15 Biological indicators of soil and soil conditions, 212
8.16 Seed pelleting, 214 •
8.17 Soil erosion, 214
8.18 Soil rehabilitation, 215
8.19 Soils in house foundations, 221
8.20 Life in earth, 222
8.21 The respiration of earth, 224
8.22 Designers' checklist, 225
8.23 References, 226.
CHAPTER9 EARTHWORKING AND EARTH RESOURCES
9.1 Introduction, 227
9.2 Planning earthworks, 228
9.3 Planting after earthworks, 229
9.4 Slope measure, 230
9.5 Levels and levelling, 232
9.6 Types of earthworks, 234
9.7 Earth constructs, 237 •
9.8 Moving the earth, 241
9.9 Earth resources, 247 •
9.10 References, 249.
CHAPTER10 THE HUMID TROPICS
10.1 Introduction, 250
10.2 Climatic types, 251
10.3 Tropical soils, 253
10.4 Earthshaping in the tropics, 259
10.5 House design, 261
10.6 The tropical home garden, 266
10.7 Integrated land management, 277
10.8 Elements of a village complex in the humid tropics, 279
10.9 Evolving a polyculture, 279
10.10 Themes on a coconut- or palm-dominant polyculture, 283 •
10.11 Pioneering, 293
10.12 "Animal tractor" systems, 299 •
10.13 Grassland and range management, 300
10.14 Humid tropical coast stabilisation and shelterbelts, 303
10.15 Low island and coral cay strategies, 304
10.16 Designers' checklist, 307 •
10.17 References, 307.
CHAPTER11 DRYLAND STRATEGIES
11.1 Introduction, 308
11.2 Precipitation, 310 •
11.3 Temperature, 312
11.4 Soils, 312
11.5 Landscape features in deserts, 316
11.6 Harvesting of water in arid lands, 336
11.7 The desert house, 359
11.8 The desert garden, 371
11.9 Garden irrigation systems, 381
11.10 Desert settlement—broad strategies,
11.11 Plant themes for drylands, 390
11.12 Animal systems in drylands, 397
11.13 Desertification and the salting of soils, 401
11.14 Cold and montane deserts, 409
11.15 Designers' checklist, 410
11.16 References, 410.
CHAPTER12 HUMID COOL TO COLD CLIMATES
12.1 Introduction, 411
12.2 Characteristics of a humid cool climate, 412 •
12.3 Soils, 413
12.4 Landform and water conservation, 413 •
12.5 Settlement and house design, 414
12.6 The home garden, 417 •
12.7 Berry fruits, 420
12.8 Glasshouse growing, 422 •
12.9 Orchards, 423
12.10 Farm forestry, 425
12.11 Free-range forage systems, 427
12.12 The lawn, 434
12.13 Grasslands, 435 •
12.14 Rangelands, 442
12.15 Cold climates, 446
12.16 Wildfire, 451 •
12.17 Designers' checklist, 456
12.18 References, 457. 57
CHAPTER13 AQUACULTURE
13.1 Introduction, 458
13.2 The case for aquaculture, 459 •
133 Some factors affecting total useful yields, 461
13.4 Choice of fish species (varieties, food, health) and factors in yield, 470 •
13.5 Fish pond configurations and food supply, 472
13.6 Farming invertebrates for fish food, 491
13.7 Channel, canal, chinampa, 495 •
13.8 Yields outside the pond
13.9 Bringing in the harvest, 499 •
13.10 Traditional and new water polycultures, 500 •
13.11 Designers' checklist, 502
13.12 References, 504.
CHAPTER14 THE STRATEGIES OF AN ALTERNATIVE
14.1 Introduction, 506
14.2 Ethical basis of an alternative nation, 507 •
14.3 A new United Nations, 508
14.4 Alternatives to political systems, 509
14.5 Bioregional organisation, 510
14.6 Extended families, 514
14.7 Trusts and legal strategies, 515 •
14.8 Developmental and property trusts, 518
14.9 Village development, 519
14.10 Effective working groups and right livelihood, 530
14.11 Money and finance, 533
14.12 Land access, 545
14.13 An ethical investment movement, 551 •
14.14 Effective aid, 555 (本編では14がFuture)
14.15 Futures, 557 （本編では15がaid）
14.16 References and resources, 558,
Plant list by common name, 562
Plant list by species name, 563.
Glossary, 566.
Resources, 567.
References, 568.
Index. 569.
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